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Water/water provision/sanitation

Markets continue to play a major role in the lives and livelihoods of the population of Gaza - before, during and after times of acute crisis and conflict.

Report authors: 
Corrie Sissons and Lisa Biblo
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Supplementary data sets for the 2016 PCMA in Harare looking at the water, sanitation and hygiene NFI market systems with respect to recurrent waterborne disease outbreaks in Harare. Practitioners should consult this document and authors for data sets in relation to WASH infrastructure, GIS locations and price mapping for specific services and commodities to reduce analysis duplication.

Report authors: 
Parvin Ngala
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Stoneridge, Hopely, Caledonia, Mabvuku-Tafarm, Dzivarasekwa, Kuwadzana
December, 2016

This report presents the summary findings of a Pre-Crisis Market Analysis (PCMA) carried out from June to September 2016 in Harare as part of a global programme funded by OFDA/USAID to understand how PCMA can be used to inform improved WASH emergency preparedness, response and resilience programming in complex urban environments. The summary seeks to pull together a city-level view of the WASH system based on the assessment, drawing out key commonalities and differences in the localities and presenting recommendations for emergency preparedness, response and resilience programming.

Report authors: 
Parvin Ngala and Katie Whitehouse
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Penjaringan and Kampung Melayu Village, Jakarta Province, Indonesia
December, 2016

Jakarta is highly flood prone and experiences both moderate and severe floods on a regular basis. This pre-crisis market analysis was carried out to identify market response activities to help complement existing flood contingency plans. It focused on two intrinsically connected market systems, those for water supply and latrines. The report makes a number of recommendations for immediate risk mitigation, emergency preparedness and response and resilience building.

Report authors: 
WASH & Market Team - Oxfam in Indonesia
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Residents of the riverine areas in Bangladesh's Gaibandha District suffer from annual and periodic severe flooding, which can be lead to prolonged displacement from their homes. Oxfam facilitated a Pre-Crisis Market Analysis in May 2016 to identify if alternatives to in-kind distributions of hygiene and sanitation materials were possible or appropriate, to build recommendations into contingency planning to improve preparedness and to mitigate the impact of regular crises.The report recommends that essential WASH NFIs should be distributed via restricted digital value vouchers redeemable at Fulchhari Market, with the exception of chlorine tablets, which should be distributed in kind. Relief actors should consider providing cash grants to traders for restocking if the anticipated need exceeds what they are able to restock themselves. The value of the voucher should be established at the WASH Cluster level through the development of a WASH NFI "basket." Meanwhile, any post-emergency sanitation interventions should aim to link beneficiaries to existing sanitation marketing programs rather than providing in-kind provision of hardware. They should further work with SanMarts to develop low-cost, flood-appropriate options for latrines. In areas where no sanitation marketing or micro-finance options exist, relief actors should aim to provide sanitation materials through the local market.

Report authors: 
Tom Wildman
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Kampong Thom Province
February, 2012

In 2011, persistent heavy rains meant led to widespread flooding around the Mekong River, affecting a number of districts in Cambodia's northwestern and central provinces. In Kompong Thom province, 63 of 73 communes and 396 of 739 villages were affected by the flood.

Report authors: 
Kep Kannaro, Aung Thein Thein, Tim Vanna, Mean Meanith, Hov Kim Khouch, Khammavong Khamphy, Cristalli Alessandro, Meach Cenmil
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Every year, Eastern Samar is hit by an average of 20 typhoons. Because of the impacts of these typhoons, chronic WASH issues and high poverty incidence, people remain vulnerable. Oxfam conducted this PCMMA on household water treatment products (HWTP) and financial services for the poor (with a focus on loan and credit services) in order to inform the development of livelihoods and WASH programmes ahead of the next typhoon season. For the HWTP market system, the report recommends collaboration with RHU on pre-stocking of HWTPs ahead of the typhoon season, awareness raising sessions on the availability and use of HWTPs, infrastructure support, rehabilitation of damaged water systems, supporting local traders and pharmacies to stock HWTPs in advance and mapping of actors willing to participate in a voucher scheme for HWTPs. In a future emergency, the report recommends a vouchers-for-HWTPs intervention. For financial services, the report recommends helping sari-sari store owners to become more resilient to shocks through better preparedness, advocacy for reduced interest rates, financial literacy training, awareness raising on the different financial services available and additional mapping of services. In a future typhoon, the report recommends supporting shopkeepers or their suppliers through cash or vouchers and supporting informal money lenders to continue offering their services to the poor and very poor.

Report authors: 
Marie Boulinaud
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Since 2000, more than nine million Mozambicans have been affected by disasters caused by natural hazards, including floods and drought. Zambezia, one of the country's poorest provinces, is especially vulnerable to these hazards, which periodically displace large numbers of people and affect their usual sources of income. This market assessment adapted the EMMA methodology for the pre-crisis context and was intended to develop a baseline for seven market systems critical to EFSL as well as WaSH. The study found that the most appropriate response model for floods and hurricanes was a combination of cash for work (geared at rehabilitation of basic infrastructure for the operation of the market), complemented by unconditional cash transfers for especially vulnerable groups, along with market support actions, especially in the bleach market.

Report authors: 
Carlos Arenas
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Informing emergency response and preparedness ahead of the counter-offensive to recapture Mosul from ISIS, Tilkaif and Shikhan districts, Ninewa Plains
March, 2016

Mosul, Iraq’s second largest city, was captured by ISIS in June 2014 and still remains under their control. However, the Iraqi army has vowed to recapture Mosul, and the speculation is that a counter-offensive is imminent. All scenarios for this military operation have dramatic humanitarian implications. According to some estimates, between 500,000 and 1.5 million civilians could flee into either the surrounding areas or into ISIS-controlled Syria. A large influx of new internally displaced persons fleeing towards the Ninewa Plains would have an impact on markets in the area; those markets need to be understood in order to meet humanitarian needs and to inform programming in an appropriate and effective way, while doing no harm. In February 2016, Oxfam and the International Rescue Committee co-facilitated a Pre- Crisis Market Analysis to inform preparedness and emergency response interventions by understanding market systems that are critical to supporting the basic needs and livelihoods recovery needs of populations affected by displacement in the Ninewa Plains - the wheat flour, drinking water and credit market systems. The study analysed how selected market systems are performing in the current situation and aimed to forecast the impacts of the shock scenario in the target areas, before providing numerous recommendations for preparedness and emergency response measures.

Report authors: 
Emmeline Saint, with contributions from Corrie Sissons and Alexandre Gachoud (Oxfam), Rachel Rigby (Tearfund) and Emily Sloane (IRC)
Download Report (1.47 MB pdf)

Informing emergency response and preparedness ahead of the counter-offensive to recapture Mosul from ISIS
March, 2016

Mosul, Iraq’s second largest city, was captured by ISIS in June 2014 and still remains under their control. However, the Iraqi army has vowed to recapture Mosul, and the speculation is that a counter-offensive is imminent. All scenarios for this military operation have dramatic humanitarian implications. According to some estimates, between 500,000 and 1.5 million civilians could flee into either the surrounding areas or into ISIS-controlled Syria. A large influx of new internally displaced persons fleeing towards the Ninewa Plains would have an impact on markets in the area; those markets need to be understood in order to meet humanitarian needs and to inform programming in an appropriate and effective way, while doing no harm. In February 2016, Oxfam and the International Rescue Committee co-facilitated a Pre- Crisis Market Analysis to inform preparedness and emergency response interventions by understanding market systems that are critical to supporting the basic needs and livelihoods recovery needs of populations affected by displacement in the Ninewa Plains - the wheat flour, drinking water and credit market systems. This executive summary provides a condensed version of a longer report that analysed how selected market systems are performing in the current situation and aimed to forecast the impacts of the shock scenario in the target areas, before providing numerous recommendations for preparedness and emergency response measures.

Report authors: 
Emmeline Saint, with contribution from Corrie Sissons and Alexandre Gachoud (Oxfam), Rachel Rigby (Tearfund) and Emily Sloane (IRC)
Download Report (1.14 MB pdf)

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